Lebanese Fossils Reveal 400,000 Years of Climate and Landscape History
New research on historical fossil collections from Lebanon sheds light on the Pleistocene climate and fauna of the Eastern Mediterranean. Discoveries indicate the region was a significant migration corridor.
The Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment is at the center of new research analyzing historical fossil collections from Lebanon. An international team of researchers re-examined collections from the Saint Joseph University in Beirut using modern methods. The findings, published in "Communications Earth & Environment," reveal that the Levant served as a crucial corridor for animals and various human forms during the Pleistocene epoch (approximately 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago). The study also provides insights into the environmental conditions in the eastern Mediterranean, particularly highlighting differences between southern and central areas.
The research focused on findings from Ras el-Kelb, Naameh, and Nahr Ibrahim, with datings extending up to 400,000 years ago. These discoveries offer information about the lifestyles of early humans and the diverse landscapes of the time, including areas with dense forests. Furthermore, the study underscores the significant scientific value of historical collections, especially in politically unstable regions where fieldwork can be challenging.
Researchers, including Dr. Gabriele Russo and Professor Sireen El Zaatari from the University of Tübingen, employed a range of methods such as archaeozoological analyses, examination of tooth wear and stable isotopes, and landscape modeling. Their analyses indicated that early humans processed large game, including aurochs, fallow deer, red deer, and wild goats. Unexpectedly large quantities of rhinoceros remains were also found, suggesting their prevalence in coastal environments.
With new knowledge about the region's climate and vegetation history, researchers can now form a clearer picture of ancient Lebanon's coastal landscape. It is described as a mosaic of diverse habitats, featuring dense forests and seasonally productive clearings. These conditions are believed to have directly influenced the lifestyles and resource utilization of early humans.