US Researchers Develop First Synthetic Cell Capable of Full Life Cycle
A US research team has created a synthetic cell system, SpudCell, that can grow, acquire nutrients, and divide independently, marking a significant step in artificial life.
Scientists at the University of Minnesota have developed a synthetic cell system named SpudCell, capable of completing a full life cycle. This marks the first time a cell has been constructed from non-living chemical components that can grow, obtain nutrients, replicate its genetic material, and divide to the next generation.
The SpudCell system integrates multiple cellular functions into a single engineered unit, demonstrating that fundamental cellular processes can be achieved through chemical engineering without reliance on natural life. The system's genome is notably small, measuring approximately 90 kilobases, which is less than previously estimated minimal genome sizes for viable cells.
Experiments showed SpudCell could grow by fusing with nutrient-containing liposomes. It also developed a method for division without a cytoskeleton, utilizing mechanical stress generated by protein accumulation on its membrane. The study observed adaptive mutations, with faster-growing cells outcompeting slower ones, indicating evolutionary dynamics within the chemical system.
Despite the achievement, researchers emphasize SpudCell is not a fully functional or living cell, with a primitive metabolism and inability to synthesize ribosomes. The team has established Biotic, a non-profit research organization, to foster open collaboration in synthetic cell development. SpudCell remains in the laboratory phase, with practical applications requiring substantial further research to enhance genomic stability and functionality.